A circuit for battery charging includes an SCR that is periodically gated on for a duration corresponding to the state of charge of the battery, being gated on for a duration corresponding to the state of charge on the battery being the gated for only a short interval when the battery is essentially fully charged to keep it charged. The conduction angle is determined from the open circuited battery potential and the previous charging history of the battery obtained from potential sensing circuits. A pedestal and cosine modified ramp circuit triggers the SCR’s through capacitors with a resistor inter coupling the SCR gate and cathode electrodes. Circuitry prevents the uni-polar junction transistor in the latter circuit from remaining latched on. A potential circuit for determining the rate of charge includes a resistor connected to the output terminal that is bypassed when the average value of the signal connected on the collector of the transistor having the base connected to the output terminal having a predetermined value. Diodes inter-couple the SCR’s and the emitter of the latter transistor for providing operating potential to the circuits and the starting charging current to the output terminal when a connected battery is fully discharged.
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CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research - Zenodo
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)
https://www.ijert.org/automatic-battery-charger https://www.ijert.org/research/automatic-battery-charger-IJERTV3IS052111.pdf Automatic Battery Charger is designed for charging 12V sealed lead-acid batteries. The designed device consists Charging unit , Battery Housing Unit (Drawers) with their respective batteries insider the Drawers which can be charged simultaneously. Each Battery Housing Units provided with its driver circuit, transformer and power supply module. Power supply module is designed with thermal analysis & optimization and protection for EMI/EMC issues. Once the battery is connected to the circuit, it then displays battery charging condition. Battery charging level is displayed by LEDS and LCD is used to indicate the keyed input battery voltage and current through keypad 4X4 manually. Battery type and remaining charging time are displayed on screen during charging on LCD display. PIC 18f452 Microcontroller continuously monitors the battery condition and displays it on LCD. Charging stops when battery is fully charged, audio alarm is indicated with a buzzer and finally the ejection of the drawer tray for removal of the charged battery. This is advantageous as it prevents the battery from damage and over charging. In the front panel of charger there are 6 buttons, LCD, keypad and 6 LEDs. Facility of fast charging and slow charging is provided as per the need. Main charger circuit is constant current charging method.
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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy for later use. Each cell contains a positive terminal (cathode) and a negative terminal (anode). Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. A lead acid battery consists of a number of 2V nominal cells that are connected in series. Each 2V cell consists of an independent enclosed compartment with positive and negative plates dipped in electrolyte composed of diluted sulphuric acid solution of 33.5% v/v sulphuric acid and water [7]. The sealed lead acid batteries find applications in emergency lightning system, inverters, power electric motors in submarines, generators, etc. There are two types of batteries: Primary Batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and Secondary Batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Battery comes in many size, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers and inverters. Battery charging is an aspect of engineering technology in which a full-wave rectified filtered output of a transformer is fed to a battery in order to restore it to its fully charged state. The battery charger is used to put energy into a secondary cell by forcing electric current through it. An efficient battery charger requires a charge controller whose main function is to keep the batteries properly charged and safe for the long term and prevent it from deep discharging (Jaya, 2012).
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Proliferation of portable electronic equipment, that uses secondary battery types with different capacities & cell chemistries, has become a threat to the environment. The number of batteries disposed per day is on the rise; the associated-dedicated-battery-charges naturally get discarded with the equipment, adding much to the pollution. The improper charging patterns that reduce the life cycle of batteries are also contributing to the problem. This paper introduces a concept and a methodology which can be used to reduce the environmental impact due to different batteries and their chargers. The proposed charger is adapting itself to, any battery type (Lead Acid, NiMH, Li-Ion) with any cell number. This finds the charger still useful, though the equipment is wasted and no longer useable. The proposed methodology identifies the battery type using its terminal electrical-characteristics. The method reveals the battery capacity, with no restrictions imposed by the charging state. Having identified the battery type, the proposed quantum table identifies the number of cells in the battery. Therefore, the battery can be properly maintained to get maximum cycles before being disposed. The operation and the control method of the charger are also explained.
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