Permanent Magnet Materials and Applications

A permanent magnet (PM) is able to carry a macroscopic magnetization whose magnitude and direction are persistent and resist applied magnetic fields opposite or transverse to the magnetization. This is understood in terms of the relativistic quantum physics, solid-state physics, and physics of thermodynamically metastable states. Permanent magnetism is also a field of material science because resistance to magnetization reversal is governed by details of the microstructure of the PM material. The mechanisms behind that relationship are not yet well understood. Today hard ferrites represent the lion’s share by mass of the PM shipped worldwide, and Nd-Fe-B materials dominate by value the PM world market. The latter are indispensable for many modern static as well as dynamic applications such as electric motors in industry and household applications, hard disk drives, various automotive applications, wind power, electric bikes, air conditioning, and speakers. The Nd-Fe-B materials are highly critical in terms of resource criticality, which can be explained by a high risk in the raw material supply as well as the great economic importance of the magnet material. Current research tries to reduce the need of heavy rare-earth elements by advanced preparation routes for Nd-Fe-B magnets. Partial substitution of Nd by more available elements such as Ce or La and the search for novel materials, in particular those containing Mn, are expected to fill the gap between the magnetic properties of Nd-Fe-B and ferrites. Novel PM materials with an energy product (BH)max greater than that of sintered Nd-Fe-B are not in sight.

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Permanent Magnet Materials

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Research progress of permanent ferrite magnet materials

Article 04 May 2024

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IFW Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, Dresden, Germany Karl-Hartmut Müller
  2. Technische Universität Darmstadt, Materialwissenschaft, Darmstadt, Germany Simon Sawatzki
  3. Vacuumschmelze GmbH & Co.KG, Hanau, Germany Simon Sawatzki
  4. EIT RawMaterials GmbH, Berlin, Germany Oliver Gutfleisch
  5. Technische Universität Darmstadt, Materialwissenschaft, Darmstadt, Germany Roland Gauß
  1. Karl-Hartmut Müller